1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,000
A magnificent abbey that held a hallowed stone.

2
00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:08,000
It may seem like just a mere rock, but this is sacred.

3
00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:13,000
A national treasure under threat of extinction.

4
00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:16,000
It looked as if the falls were shrinking.

5
00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:21,000
And an iconic inventor at the center of a cinematic swindle.

6
00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:24,000
They just think Edison is a liar and a thief.

7
00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:28,000
Sometimes the greatest secrets lie in plain sight.

8
00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:33,000
These are the mysteries at the monument.

9
00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,000
In southeast London, on the banks of the River Thames,

10
00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:48,000
lies Great Britain's seat of power, Westminster.

11
00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:53,000
Here, iconic landmarks like the Houses of Parliament

12
00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:56,000
and Buckingham Palace boast the influence

13
00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:59,000
of the nation's constitutional monarchy.

14
00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:05,000
And at its heart stands the spiritual cornerstone of the throne.

15
00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:11,000
There are flying buttresses, fan-volted ceilings,

16
00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:15,000
rose windows, radiating chapels.

17
00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:18,000
It's the most magnificent collection of medieval monuments.

18
00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:21,000
And 16 royal weddings have taken place here as well.

19
00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:24,000
This is a gothic masterpiece.

20
00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:29,000
This is Westminster Abbey.

21
00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:34,000
More than 1,000 years old, this World Heritage Site welcomes

22
00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:37,000
over one million visitors every year.

23
00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:42,000
But as tour guide Catherine Cartwright explains,

24
00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:47,000
one group of out-of-towners came here not to admire or worship,

25
00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,000
but to settle an ancient score.

26
00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,000
Westminster Abbey was the location for an audacious heist

27
00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,000
to restore a nation's honor.

28
00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:02,000
The UK, 1950.

29
00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:06,000
Scotland and England have been joined as part of the United Kingdom

30
00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:09,000
for over 200 years.

31
00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:11,000
But the Scots aren't happy.

32
00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:15,000
A steady economic decline has led many north of the border

33
00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,000
to believe the Union is in fact hurting their nation.

34
00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:22,000
The Scottish people feel subservient to the English.

35
00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:24,000
They've lost their national identity

36
00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:27,000
and their kingdom.

37
00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:30,000
The dissatisfaction sparks a small but passionate movement

38
00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:34,000
to re-establish an independent Scottish parliament.

39
00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,000
So far, the idea has failed to gain traction.

40
00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:40,000
But all that is about to change.

41
00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:45,000
Christmas Day, 1950. 4 a.m.

42
00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,000
Westminster Abbey is being robbed.

43
00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:52,000
While their female getaway driver stays in the car,

44
00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:55,000
three young men are prying open a side door.

45
00:02:55,000 --> 00:03:00,000
Leading the pack is 25-year-old Scottish nationalist Ian Hamilton.

46
00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:04,000
Ian Hamilton is a law student at Glasgow University.

47
00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,000
Hamilton and his three friends have come to Westminster Abbey

48
00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:10,000
to steal something priceless.

49
00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:13,000
But it's not jewels or art thereafter.

50
00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:17,000
They come for the very symbol of Scottish pride.

51
00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:21,000
They are here to steal the honour of the British.

52
00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:26,000
They are here to steal a 360-pound sandstone block

53
00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:29,000
called the Stone of Destiny.

54
00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:34,000
The Stone of Destiny was used in Scottish coronation ceremonies,

55
00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:37,000
dating back to the 9th century.

56
00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:41,000
But in 1296, the English stole the precious relic

57
00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,000
and placed it in Westminster Abbey.

58
00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:49,000
Since then, every British monarch has been crowned sitting upon it,

59
00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,000
symbolising England's rule over Scotland.

60
00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,000
It may seem like just a mere rock,

61
00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:58,000
but for the Scottish people, this is sacred.

62
00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:01,000
Ian believes that if he returns the Stone to Scotland,

63
00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:06,000
it will galvanise his nation behind the campaign for independence.

64
00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:12,000
The tenacious quartet is hoping the Abbey's many-night watchman

65
00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:16,000
will be too busy celebrating the holiday to protect the property.

66
00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,000
So far, the plan is working.

67
00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:21,000
As they make their way to the coronation chair,

68
00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:24,000
there isn't a garden site.

69
00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:26,000
They tiptoe into the darkness,

70
00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:31,000
passing all the monuments and the tombs towards the coronation chair

71
00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:35,000
and begin to prize a rock from under the seat.

72
00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:39,000
Finally, the massive block comes loose.

73
00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:45,000
Anne Hamilton realises there's no going back.

74
00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:48,000
Eager to move the precious Stone to the getaway car,

75
00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:53,000
Hamilton heads outside, leaving his two co-conspirators behind.

76
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:56,000
It seems they are in the clear...

77
00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,000
...until they're spotted by the police.

78
00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:05,000
They look at each other in complete horror.

79
00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:08,000
But Hamilton acts fast.

80
00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:13,000
Hamilton leans over to his accomplice and gives her a passionate kiss.

81
00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,000
By the time the policeman comes over,

82
00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:21,000
he assumes that these are just lovers who couldn't find a hotel room for the night.

83
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,000
What's going on here?

84
00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:26,000
Luckily, the policeman gives them a slap on the wrists

85
00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,000
and tells them to be a little bit more discreet in the future.

86
00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:31,000
What do you think? Actually...

87
00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:33,000
They'd heave a huge sigh of relief.

88
00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:38,000
They signal their cohorts and speed off into the darkness.

89
00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:41,000
The students drive to Scotland back over the border,

90
00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:43,000
and they're elated.

91
00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,000
For the first time in 650 years,

92
00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:51,000
the Stone of Destiny is back on Scottish soil.

93
00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:56,000
And in a bold gesture, Hamilton and his peers decide to place the rock,

94
00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:58,000
where all can see it.

95
00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:02,000
Hamilton puts it on public display in Arbrose Abbey.

96
00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:07,000
It was here in 1320 that the Lords of Scotland signed a declaration

97
00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,000
claiming their freedom from the English.

98
00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:14,000
As Hamilton had hoped, the recovery of the Stone

99
00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,000
unleashes a wave of Scottish pride.

100
00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:20,000
In Scotland, everybody is giggling away,

101
00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:24,000
delighted that the Stone is back on Scottish turf.

102
00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:29,000
England is outraged by this theft.

103
00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:33,000
English authorities quickly uncover a paper trail

104
00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:36,000
that leads them straight to Hamilton.

105
00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:40,000
He's taken out every single book from Glasgow University Library

106
00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:44,000
on Westminster Abbey and the Scottish Stone of Destiny.

107
00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:48,000
But when the media heralds the young student and his friends

108
00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:52,000
as Scotland's heroes, punishment becomes unthinkable.

109
00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:55,000
It would have been a diplomatic nightmare had they prosecuted them,

110
00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:59,000
because they would have been martyrs to the Scottish cause.

111
00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:07,000
Eventually, the Stone of Destiny is relocated to Scotland's Edinburgh Castle.

112
00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:12,000
And in 1997, Scotland indeed establishes its own parliament,

113
00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:16,000
a major step toward the sovereignty Hamilton champion.

114
00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:23,000
And today, the magnificent Westminster Abbey bears silent witness

115
00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:27,000
to an especially rocky chapter in Scottish-English relations.

116
00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:36,000
Nestled in Northern New Jersey is the quaint township of West Orange.

117
00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:40,000
This peaceful hamlet was once a powerhouse of innovation

118
00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:43,000
and home to the nation's first movie studio.

119
00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:50,000
And in the centre of town is a monument dedicated to the legendary local.

120
00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,000
Some say is responsible for it all.

121
00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,000
It's about three feet tall.

122
00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,000
It's made of bronze.

123
00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:00,000
The person featured has a business-like appearance

124
00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:03,000
and is wearing a bow tie and a suit coat.

125
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:06,000
This is a bust of Thomas Edison.

126
00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:12,000
The revered entrepreneur is credited with many great inventions.

127
00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:15,000
But as historian Ben Modell can attest,

128
00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:19,000
there is one accolade that some believe he doesn't deserve.

129
00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,000
They just think Edison is a liar and a thief.

130
00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:28,000
Which now ubiquitous invention was Thomas Edison accused of stealing?

131
00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:32,000
And could the shocking accusation be true?

132
00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:39,000
May 13, 1891, West Orange, New Jersey.

133
00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:44,000
Still photography has been available to the masses for almost half a century.

134
00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:48,000
But technology is about to make a giant leap forward.

135
00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:52,000
The renowned Thomas Edison has arranged a press event

136
00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:56,000
to announce that he has invented moving pictures.

137
00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,000
Voila!

138
00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:03,000
In front of the media, the entrepreneur unveils his revolutionary machine.

139
00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,000
The device allows a person to look through a viewfinder

140
00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:10,000
and marvel as the picture moves before their eyes.

141
00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:17,000
The scene depicted a man moving his hands and touching his hat.

142
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:23,000
In the 1890s, the idea of a photograph moving is miraculous.

143
00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:27,000
News of the incredible achievement spreads worldwide,

144
00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:31,000
and Edison is hailed as the father of motion pictures.

145
00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:36,000
But he's about to be challenged by an unlikely opponent.

146
00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:40,000
A New York City schoolteacher named Lizzie La Prince.

147
00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:44,000
Lizzie thinks this isn't the first time pictures have moved.

148
00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:46,000
Her husband has already done it.

149
00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:50,000
Lizzie claims that over a year before Edison's announcement,

150
00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:54,000
her husband, Louis La Prince, had been working in England

151
00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,000
on his own motion picture device.

152
00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:01,000
He had excitedly telegrammed her in April 1890,

153
00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:04,000
saying that he had perfected the machine

154
00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:08,000
and was traveling to New York to showcase it.

155
00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:11,000
But somehow, while on the move,

156
00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:13,000
he mysteriously vanished.

157
00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:17,000
Louis La Prince disappears from the face of the earth,

158
00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:19,000
and he's presumed dead.

159
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,000
Lizzie is desperate to prove

160
00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:29,000
that her late husband is the rightful inventor of motion pictures.

161
00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:34,000
And so she heads directly to the office of Louis' trusted attorneys,

162
00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:38,000
who she believes is the most important person in the world.

163
00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,000
And we're working on patenting the design.

164
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:45,000
But when she gets there, she discovers something shocking.

165
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:49,000
They won't talk to her because they are already working on another case.

166
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,000
For Edison.

167
00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:54,000
She starts putting all these things together,

168
00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:56,000
and it doesn't look right to her.

169
00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:59,000
Lizzie suspects that her husband's lawyers

170
00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:03,000
have secretly passed his motion picture design to Edison.

171
00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,000
This is shock on top of shock.

172
00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:37,000
La Prince's attorneys surreptitiously slipped the design to Edison.

173
00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:41,000
So who is the true father of motion pictures?

174
00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:43,000
Edison or La Prince?

175
00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:51,000
In an attempt to give her husband the recognition he deserves,

176
00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:55,000
Lizzie files several lawsuits against Edison.

177
00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,000
But it's an uphill battle.

178
00:11:57,000 --> 00:11:59,000
It's beyond David and Goliath.

179
00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:02,000
And ultimately, they don't get anywhere.

180
00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:05,000
Edison's legal team is so ruthless,

181
00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:09,000
and his social influence so wide that he is practically untouchable.

182
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:14,000
All the while, Lizzie is seeing motion pictures become a viable form of entertainment.

183
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:16,000
It becomes an industry.

184
00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:22,000
Edison amasses a fortune from his innovations in motion pictures.

185
00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:28,000
In 1926, Lizzie passes away.

186
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:33,000
Never having seen her beloved husband get the recognition she felt he deserved.

187
00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:40,000
But four years later, in 1930, stunning evidence emerges

188
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,000
that turns the world of cinema upside down.

189
00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:46,000
The National Museum of Science in London

190
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:50,000
acquires devices found in Louis' workshop in England.

191
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:53,000
In the collection are two of La Prince's cameras,

192
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:57,000
as well as two motion picture films.

193
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:03,000
The two reels of film are titled Round Hey Garden and Leeds Bridge.

194
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:09,000
And when the museum's team gets the films up and running,

195
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:13,000
they notice something remarkable in the Round Hey Garden sequence.

196
00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:18,000
It's three seconds long, and you see a few people moving around in a garden.

197
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:24,000
What's significant is one of the people that you see in it is Louis the Prince's mother-in-law.

198
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:28,000
She died on October 24, 1888,

199
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,000
which means that this film had to have been taken in or before 1888.

200
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:39,000
Film historians believe this evidence proves

201
00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:44,000
La Prince did in fact succeed in creating motion pictures years before Edison.

202
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:51,000
These two films are the earliest surviving documentation of motion pictures.

203
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:56,000
So did Edison really steal La Prince's design?

204
00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:00,000
It seems unlikely.

205
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:05,000
Photography was relatively new, so taking a photograph and making it move

206
00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,000
was really the next logical step for inventors.

207
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:13,000
So it's probable that La Prince and Edison had the same idea all around the same time.

208
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:18,000
But today, because of this historic film,

209
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,000
Louis La Prince is widely regarded as the father of cinema.

210
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:32,000
And this statue in West Orange, New Jersey stands not only as a reminder of Thomas Edison's legacy,

211
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:36,000
but also of the inventor who beat him to the punch.

212
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,000
The National Mall in Washington, D.C.,

213
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,000
affectionately nicknamed America's Front Yard,

214
00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,000
is home to some of the country's greatest treasures.

215
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,000
And at the center of this magnificent two-mile expanse

216
00:14:55,000 --> 00:15:00,000
is an epic monolith that offers sweeping views of the city.

217
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,000
This is a huge four-sided pillar.

218
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:06,000
There's a pyramid on top,

219
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:11,000
and the base is surrounded by a circle of flags for all the 50 states.

220
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,000
It's one of the great national symbols.

221
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,000
This is the Washington Monument,

222
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:21,000
completed in 1884 to honor America's first president.

223
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,000
Rising 555 feet into the sky,

224
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,000
it was once the tallest man-made structure in the world.

225
00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:33,000
But as journalist Stephen Comerow knows firsthand,

226
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:38,000
this iconic landmark was also at the center of a terrifying standoff

227
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:41,000
that brought the nation's capital to a halt.

228
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,000
This symbol of unity and strength

229
00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:51,000
suddenly became the site of a harrowing ordeal

230
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,000
that grabbed the attention of the entire nation.

231
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:01,000
December 8th, 1982,

232
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,000
Washington, D.C.

233
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,000
Reporter Stephen Comerow, 26 at the time,

234
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:09,000
is starting his day

235
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:14,000
when he receives a disturbing call from his boss at the Associated Press.

236
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,000
It was very vague what he said,

237
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:18,000
but there was something going on at the monument.

238
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,000
Of course, I headed straight there.

239
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:26,000
Comerow arrives to find the National Mall, swarming with police.

240
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,000
Police were pushing people back.

241
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:33,000
People in the federal buildings were cleared out of their offices.

242
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:35,000
What's going on now?

243
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,000
The reporter learns that a man has parked what he claims

244
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:42,000
is a dynamite-packed truck next to the Washington Monument.

245
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:48,000
The man was wearing a helmet with a dark visor

246
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,000
and a full-body zip-up suit.

247
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,000
They told me he had a remote control,

248
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,000
and he said he was going to blow up the monument.

249
00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:59,000
Even more alarming,

250
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:05,000
a group of tourists are trapped inside the monument's 500-foot-high observation deck.

251
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:10,000
He had nine people inside who might die if he pushed the button.

252
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:16,000
The would-be bomber, whose identity is concealed by his bizarre garb,

253
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,000
refuses to negotiate with police.

254
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,000
But then he makes an unexpected demand

255
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:26,000
that puts Comerow closer to the action than he ever dreamed.

256
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:31,000
His demand was to talk to a member of the news media,

257
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,000
so I volunteered right away.

258
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:38,000
Armed only with his notebook, Comerow edges toward the monument.

259
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:42,000
Shut up and listen.

260
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:44,000
I didn't know what to expect.

261
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:46,000
My hand is right on this trigger.

262
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,000
I had never done anything like this before.

263
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,000
Stop fooling me. You got it?

264
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:57,000
It's 1982, and the Washington Monument is under siege.

265
00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:00,000
A man dressed in a jumpsuit and a motorcycle helmet

266
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,000
is threatening to blow up the iconic spire,

267
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,000
along with nine visitors trapped inside.

268
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:11,000
The only person able to negotiate with the bomber is journalist Steve Comerow,

269
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:16,000
so Ken the gutsy reporter defused this explosive situation.

270
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,000
As the reporter moves toward the masked suspect,

271
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:24,000
police run a license plate check on the purportedly dynamite-packed truck.

272
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:29,000
They learn the vehicle is registered to a 66-year-old political activist

273
00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:32,000
named Norman Mayer.

274
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,000
This was during the Cold War,

275
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:39,000
and there was a real strong anti-nuclear movement.

276
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:42,000
And Mayer is one of its most un-informed,

277
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,000
anti-nuclear movement.

278
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:48,000
And Mayer is one of its most zealous advocates.

279
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,000
Yet all his protests have been nonviolent...

280
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:53,000
until now.

281
00:18:55,000 --> 00:19:00,000
As Comerow approaches, the suspect finally reveals his motive.

282
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,000
If the government doesn't disarm...

283
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,000
He knew I was a member of the news media.

284
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,000
He wanted us to send the message to the world

285
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,000
that nuclear weapons should be eliminated.

286
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:13,000
If we didn't do it, he was going to set off the bomb.

287
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:18,000
Comerow is baffled by Mayer's demands.

288
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,000
I'm just a reporter.

289
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:24,000
I couldn't promise that America was going to give up nuclear bombs.

290
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,000
It just wasn't going to happen.

291
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:31,000
The reporter instead begs Mayer to release the hostages.

292
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:35,000
I said to him, it's not right that these people are in there.

293
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,000
They had nothing to do with this.

294
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,000
While the reporter pleads,

295
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,000
Mayer's finger remains fixed on the trigger.

296
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,000
I couldn't see his face.

297
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:49,000
So it was very hard to tell.

298
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:55,000
If he was nervous or bothered, you couldn't see his reactions.

299
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:05,000
But he eventually agreed and let them go.

300
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,000
Even after releasing the hostages,

301
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,000
Mayer continues to demand nuclear disarmament.

302
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,000
Then, as night falls, the situation takes an abrupt turn.

303
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,000
The suspect tries to escape.

304
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,000
Federal snipers open fire.

305
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,000
They weren't going to let him go anywhere.

306
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,000
The vehicle is brought to a crashing halt.

307
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:36,000
Police approach the overturned truck.

308
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,000
Inside, they find Mayer fatally wounded.

309
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:46,000
They opened up the back of the van and there was nothing back there.

310
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:47,000
No bomb.

311
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:51,000
It turned out to be an empty threat.

312
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,000
In the ensuing investigation,

313
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:58,000
police conclude that Mayer had acted alone in his misguided quest.

314
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:04,000
This man, by taking hostage one of the icons of America,

315
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:08,000
sees the attention of people all over the world.

316
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:13,000
The problem was, instead of calling attention to the nuclear disarmament movement,

317
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:17,000
most of the people who were involved in the attack were killed.

318
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:21,000
When calling attention to the nuclear disarmament movement,

319
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:25,000
most of the news coverage was about this man

320
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,000
who was threatening to blow up the Washington Monument.

321
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:35,000
Over the years, the Washington Monument has served as a backdrop

322
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:38,000
for political protests of all kinds.

323
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,000
But few will compare to the grim day

324
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:45,000
when a radical activist threatened to blow up the landmark

325
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,000
of the name of world peace.

326
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,000
New York.

327
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:57,000
Tourists may hit up Manhattan for shopping and Broadway shows.

328
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,000
But for breathtaking natural beauty, those in the know head upstate.

329
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:08,000
Where the varied landscape creates a stunning skyline all its own.

330
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:13,000
And in its northwest corner is the Empire State's crown jewel.

331
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:20,000
This is three amazing mind-blowing waterfalls

332
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:24,000
that straddle the border between Canada and the United States.

333
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:28,000
It just strikes you with the incredible power of nature.

334
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,000
This is Niagara Falls.

335
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:37,000
These roaring cascades claim the highest flow rate of any waterfall on the planet.

336
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:40,000
But according to historian Ginger Strand,

337
00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:45,000
the world famous wonder was once threatened by mother nature herself.

338
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:49,000
People thought that ultimately the waterfall would have disappeared.

339
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:55,000
How was this American icon saved from oblivion?

340
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,000
1965. Niagara Falls.

341
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:04,000
This iconic landmark is teeming with visitors.

342
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:09,000
But many are starting to notice a distinct change in the appearance of the waterfall.

343
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,000
On the US side of the border.

344
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:19,000
Large chunks of rock were falling off, falling into the river beneath the falls.

345
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,000
It looked as if the falls were shrinking.

346
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:29,000
Geologists theorize that the rock shelf supporting the enormous wall of water might be eroding.

347
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:34,000
The press speculates that if nature is left to its own devices,

348
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:39,000
the 180-foot high formation could disappear within a year.

349
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,000
The entire waterfall might collapse.

350
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,000
One of the journalists even called this the death watch.

351
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,000
They were waiting for the death of Niagara.

352
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:54,000
For the people of Niagara Falls, the notion of the natural wonder disappearing is unthinkable.

353
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,000
The public was horrified.

354
00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:02,000
People's livelihoods depends on tourists coming and visiting the waterfall.

355
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,000
People wanted to do something and do something quick.

356
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:10,000
Congress creates a scientific task force to assess if the falls are truly under threat.

357
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,000
And if so, what can be done to preserve them?

358
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:20,000
But in order to conduct their study, analysts must get to the rock underneath the cascading water.

359
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:26,000
To do so, they propose a project that will challenge the force of nature itself.

360
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:31,000
What the task force wanted to do was de-water the American Falls.

361
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,000
Which means actually to turn off the water.

362
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:41,000
The scientists estimate that to give them enough time to study the condition of the rocks,

363
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:45,000
they need the falls to stay dry for at least six months.

364
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,000
No one had ever done this before.

365
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:55,000
The job of figuring it out falls to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

366
00:24:55,000 --> 00:25:01,000
who decide to build a temporary dam across the Niagara River, made of rock and concrete.

367
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:05,000
Their goal is to halt the flow of water.

368
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:10,000
8,000 cubic feet of water, or 50,000 gallons a second.

369
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:20,000
Nevertheless, in June of 1969, a 30-man team begins the daunting task of constructing the dam.

370
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:24,000
This was very ambitious. They really weren't sure it was going to work.

371
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,000
So can they turn off Niagara Falls?

372
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:36,000
It's June 1969, upstate New York.

373
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:43,000
To combat the erosion threatening Niagara Falls, the Army Corps of Engineers attempts the seemingly impossible.

374
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:48,000
Turn them off like a faucet to assess the rock underneath.

375
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,000
But such a feat has never before been attempted.

376
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:59,000
Engineers begin construction on a 600-foot wide barrier spanning the Niagara River.

377
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:09,000
They built the dam by dumping 27,000 tons of rock and rubble in the riverbed to stop the flow of water.

378
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:16,000
They're betting that a narrow ridge of dirt can hold back a wall of water traveling at 30 miles an hour.

379
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:22,000
If they're wrong, the fate of the falls could be out of their hands.

380
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:30,000
After three days of around-the-clock shifts, workmen complete the dam and revel in an astonishing spectacle.

381
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:44,000
What you then had was this completely dry riverbed and this completely bare rock face

382
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:47,000
that no one had ever seen before.

383
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:54,000
The slabs of Dolomite and Sandstone before them resemble a new planet ripe for exploration.

384
00:26:54,000 --> 00:27:00,000
They had done the impossible. They had turned off America's waterfall.

385
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:09,000
For the next six months, scientists analyze hundreds of rock samples to determine the fall's stability.

386
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:18,000
But while the geologists work, the project draws crowds of spectators and this becomes an unexpected economic boon.

387
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:26,000
Niagara Falls had the best tourist season they'd ever had because so many people came to see the waterfall without any water.

388
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:33,000
Six months later, the geologists finally reach their conclusion.

389
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:38,000
Despite the erosion, the falls are not in any imminent danger of collapse.

390
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:47,000
And to avoid any uncertainty, they install a series of high-tech sensors to monitor stability of the rock shelf for years to come.

391
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:54,000
With its future assured, the dam is removed and Niagara is restored to its full glory.

392
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:59,000
It was one of the most spectacular engineers in the world.

393
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:05,000
It was one of the most spectacular engineering feats of the 20th century.

394
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:18,000
Today, the American Falls remains an awe-inspiring spectacle thanks to the efforts of modern engineering and mother nature.

395
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:34,000
Located on the banks of the Fox River, the Chicago suburb of Batavia, Illinois, is known for its charming windmills and 19th century buildings made of local limestone.

396
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:42,000
And sitting atop Batavia's highest point is the city's most famous abode.

397
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:53,000
It's a three-story building. It is 18,000 square feet. And it's surrounded by beautiful gardens with crab-apple trees.

398
00:28:54,000 --> 00:29:02,000
This is Bellevue Place. Today, the stately apartment complex is filled with luxury accommodations.

399
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:12,000
But as author Catherine Feeu knows, this peaceful haven was once an insane asylum with an infamous inmate.

400
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:19,000
The most maligned resident here was the former First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln.

401
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:28,000
She was thought to be crazy. But the true story is as heavily guarded as the doors to the sanitary.

402
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:34,000
So what's the shocking truth behind the madness of Mrs. Lincoln?

403
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:38,000
1875, Chicago.

404
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:45,000
44-year-old former teacher Myra Bradwell has a passion for justice.

405
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:52,000
Her husband is a lawyer, and she's decided that following in his footsteps is her true calling.

406
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,000
But there's a problem.

407
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:59,000
She was not allowed to practice law because she was a woman.

408
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,000
Yet Myra refuses to be bowed by this limitation.

409
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:09,000
To satiate her love of the law, she assists on cases at her husband's legal practice.

410
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:14,000
But little does she know, she's about to land a case of her very own.

411
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:20,000
One day, Myra comes across a story that calls her to action.

412
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:29,000
The newspapers reported that her friend Mary Todd Lincoln had been found insane and had been put in an insane asylum.

413
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,000
Myra is shocked.

414
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:40,000
She became well acquainted with the former First Lady when they were Chicago neighbors in the years after the president's assassination.

415
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:49,000
Myra had always considered Mrs. Lincoln somewhat eccentric, but had never expected she would fall into the delirium described in the paper.

416
00:30:51,000 --> 00:31:00,000
Mary Todd Lincoln was hearing voices apparently hallucinating, a ghost pulling strings through her head.

417
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:10,000
The article reveals that Mrs. Lincoln had been committed to Bellevue Place, a sanatorium for women in Batavia, Illinois.

418
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:15,000
Concerned for her friend, Myra departs immediately.

419
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:22,000
But when she arrives, she discovers her supposedly insane friend seems completely rational.

420
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:31,000
She found Mary to be very clear-headed and not at all the insane person that everybody had said Mary was.

421
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:36,000
Mrs. Lincoln explains the traumatic events leading up to her incarceration.

422
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,000
She was asked to come to a courthouse.

423
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:47,000
She arrived, there was a group of doctors there, and within about an hour she was said to be insane by the court.

424
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,000
Against her will, she was then admitted to the asylum.

425
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:59,000
As a woman, Mary was in the position of not having any chance to defend herself.

426
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:03,000
Myra is infuriated.

427
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:10,000
She pledges to find justice for a friend and free her from what seems a wrongful incarceration.

428
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:21,000
Myra Bradwell saw this as an opportunity to be a lawyer to fight Mary Todd's battle and to show that Mary was completely sane.

429
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:26,000
Can Myra free Mrs. Lincoln from her palatial prison?

430
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:32,000
It's 1875 in Batavia, Illinois.

431
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:41,000
Aspiring lawyer Myra Bradwell has made it her mission to free Mary Todd Lincoln from Bellevue Place insane asylum.

432
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:46,000
But getting justice for the former First Lady will take some wily maneuvers.

433
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:53,000
Because Myra Bradwell could not officially be Mary's lawyer, she decided to wage the battle in the press.

434
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:59,000
On her next visit to the asylum, Myra brings a surprise guest.

435
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:08,000
Myra Bradwell sneaks in a reporter from one of Chicago's largest newspapers, which was very risky.

436
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:13,000
Because had the doctors discovered this, this would have made things much worse for Mary Todd.

437
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:21,000
Myra stands watch as Mrs. Lincoln tells the reporter her tragic tale.

438
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:27,000
And before long, the Chicago Times publishes a stunning expose.

439
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:33,000
The message of the article is that Mary Todd's life is a tragic story.

440
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:40,000
The article is widely read and the ensuing public outcry becomes too much for Bellevue's physicians to weather.

441
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:48,000
After months of incarceration, an ecstatic Mrs. Lincoln is discharged from the asylum for good.

442
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:52,000
All thanks to her friend Myra Bradwell.

443
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:10,000
She must have been proud to win her friend's freedom and to win what was in essence her first legal case.

444
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:21,000
Yet one question remains. What spawned the reports of Mrs. Lincoln's strange behaviors?

445
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:30,000
Historians have discovered Mrs. Lincoln suffered from migraines and was receiving a powerful painkiller to treat them.

446
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:36,000
Mary Todd was prescribed london and one of the side effects was hallucinations.

447
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:44,000
When she stopped taking london, the strange visions ceased and she soon reverted back to normal behavior.

448
00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:50,000
As for Myra Bradwell, in 1890 she makes history.

449
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:57,000
Myra Bradwell at the age of 59 finally was able to become a lawyer and to practice law.

450
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:03,000
Many people consider her to be the United States' first woman lawyer.

451
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:13,000
And today, historic Bellevue Place stands as a reminder of Mrs. Lincoln's confinement

452
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:18,000
and the one determined woman who fought for her release in the name of American justice.

453
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:25,000
South of the Adirondack Mountains in upstate New York lies the picturesque town of Saratoga Springs.

454
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:32,000
The area is best known for its long history of thoroughbred horse racing.

455
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:39,000
But visitors can also enjoy the stunning natural beauty of its pristine lakes and rugged hiking trails.

456
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:45,000
Yet within these idyllic woods lies a quiet establishment.

457
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:49,000
With an explosive tale of mischief and invention.

458
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,000
This is Moons Lake House.

459
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:59,000
It's about 40 feet tall, about 50 feet wide and 1500 square feet.

460
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:05,000
And it sits on a bluff surrounded by trees overlooking Saratoga Lake.

461
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:12,000
Now a bed and breakfast, this building once housed one of the most exclusive restaurants in the region.

462
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:16,000
And as Saratoga businessman Danny Jamison can attest,

463
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:22,000
within these walls lies a tale of mischief and vengeance that changed the culinary world forever.

464
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:28,000
What started out as an act of revenge turned into the tremendous American discovery.

465
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:33,000
August, 1853.

466
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:39,000
Saratoga Springs is the favored summer retreat for New York's illicit culture.

467
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:43,000
Among the most exclusive attractions in town is Moons Lake House.

468
00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:48,000
Moons Lake House catered to the rich and the famous.

469
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:51,000
And the food there was said to be second to none.

470
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:56,000
The chef behind this exceptional cuisine is 31 year old George Crumb.

471
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:02,000
But while Crumb's food is famous, so is his hot temper.

472
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:08,000
George Crumb was a very domineering man. If you crossed him, he was going to see to it that you didn't do it again.

473
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,000
But the surly chef is about to meet his match.

474
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:19,000
Legend has it that on one summer afternoon, the lake house is visited by a very special diner.

475
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:24,000
None other than railroad and shipping tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt.

476
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:29,000
Vanderbilt was the first to be visited by a very special diner.

477
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:31,000
The name Tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt.

478
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:38,000
Vanderbilt was one of the wealthiest men in the nation and he was considered one of the high end guests at Moons Lake House.

479
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:47,000
Vanderbilt orders a side dish known as French cut potatoes, which he first sampled while traveling in Europe.

480
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,000
Make sure they're very well done.

481
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:58,000
French cut potatoes was a casserole that was filled with slices of potato and cream and some cheese and melted under a broiler.

482
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:01,000
Today we would call it potato au gratin.

483
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:10,000
The dish happens to be one of Crumb's specialties and he proudly ladles out a serving for his distinguished guest.

484
00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:14,000
But Vanderbilt isn't satisfied.

485
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:25,000
Begrudgingly, Crumb prepares another batch of the starchy side dish.

486
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:26,000
Cheese side dish.

487
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,000
But once again, the potatoes are returned.

488
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,000
Vanderbilt felt like they were still too soggy.

489
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,000
This infuriated George Crumb.

490
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:42,000
He did not like his food criticized, but to do it twice was an absolute insult.

491
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:47,000
This time, the exasperated chef cooks up a mischievous scheme.

492
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,000
He was gonna get revenge.

493
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,000
August 1853.

494
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:08,000
At his restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York, hot headed chef George Crumb is entertaining none other than Cornelius Vanderbilt.

495
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:15,000
But the esteemed diner isn't happy with the potato dish he ordered, leaving Crumb simmering with rage.

496
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,000
So how will the volatile chef serve up his revenge?

497
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:26,000
Crumb angrily prepares yet another order of french cut potatoes.

498
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,000
But this time, he purposely butchers the recipe.

499
00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,000
He sliced the potatoes as thinly as he could.

500
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:44,000
He threw them in boiling hot oil and cooked them until they were absolutely brown and then heavily salted them to make them inedible.

501
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:59,000
The resulting dish is a pile of overly salty, razor thin sliced potatoes, deep fried to such a crisp that they cannot be eaten with a fork.

502
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:03,000
And the fork of course went right through the crispy potato slices.

503
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:09,000
He made it so the richest man in the nation had to pick up his food neat with his fingers.

504
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:13,000
Crumb gleefully waits for Vanderbilt to hit the roof.

505
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,000
But the plan backfires.

506
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:22,000
Vanderbilt puts his fork down and picks up the potato slice and eats it.

507
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:27,000
Wonderful.

508
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:29,000
And loves it.

509
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,000
He fell in love with these crunchy potato slices.

510
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:40,000
Crumb's failed bid for vengeance is about to become his greatest triumph.

511
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:51,000
Supposedly Vanderbilt told his friends about the incredible dish and more and more friends would start to come to the restaurant and order baskets of these crunchy potato slices.

512
00:40:54,000 --> 00:41:00,000
Soon the crispy potato slices become a house specialty called Saratoga chips.

513
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:05,000
George Crumb designed a box to allow people to purchase the chips and take them to go.

514
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:11,000
Quickly thereafter Saratoga chips are served at restaurants up and down the East Coast.

515
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:17,000
And their legendary inventor George Crumb is more celebrated than ever.

516
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:28,000
Today Saratoga chips, now known quite simply as potato chips, are sold throughout the world.

517
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:38,000
And it all started at Moon's Lake House where a man's vengeance led to one of America's most delectable snacks.

518
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:45,000
From a sacred stone to a shrinking waterfall.

519
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:51,000
A trailblazing lawyer to an icon under siege.

520
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:56,000
I'm Don Wildman and these are the Mysteries at the Monument.

521
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:00,000
www.mooji.org